Recent Advances in Aquasomes Carrier Nanotechnology for Drug Delivery

Abstract

Aquasomes are a nanobiopharmaceutical carrier device with nanocrystalline calcium phosphate or ceramic diamond particle center and a polyhydroxyl oligomeric film covering them. Aquasomes are spherical 60–300 nm objects that are used to deliver drugs and antigens. It was an effective carrier mechanism for bioactive molecules such as peptides, proteins, hormones, antigens, and genes to particular locations because of properties such as defense and preservation of fragile biological molecules, conformational integrity, and surface exposure. Tin oxide, nanocrystalline carbon ceramics (diamonds), and brushite are the most popular core materials used to make aquasomes (calcium phosphate dihydrate). Because of its normal nature in the body, calcium phosphate is the subject of attention. Brushite is an acidic mineral that, after prolonged storage, transforms to hydroxyapatite. As a result, hydroxyapatite seems to be a stronger center for the preparation of aquasomes. It's commonly used in the planning of drug-delivery implants. Hemoglobin-loaded aquasomes with a hydroxyapatite center have been identified as a possible artificial oxygen-carrying mechanism. Aquasomes have been used as red blood cell replacements, vaccines for delivering viral antigen (Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus) to elicit proper antibody, and as a targeted method for intracellular gene therapy due to their conformational integrity. Aquasomes were developed as a novel carrier for enzymes such as DNAses and pigment/dyes due to their enzyme activity and susceptibility to molecular conformation. The concepts of self-assembly are discussed in this article, as well as the complexities of preserving the conformational integrity and biochemical operation of immobilized surface pairs, and the integration of these principles into a single functional composition.